In an era where natural and alternative medicines continue to gain traction driven by a growing interest in holistic and natural health alternatives, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) finds itself at the intersection of tradition and science. Homeopathic and ayurvedic products, rooted in centuries-old practices, have become a sizeable industry in the United States often as complementary therapies. However, their regulation poses unique and significant regulatory challenges, including various safety concerns primarily due to the potential presence of harmful chemical contaminants such as pesticides, heavy metals and allergens, and the lack of a regulatory framework to evaluate safety, efficacy or quality unlike pharmaceutical drugs, exposing risk to consumers. We’ll take a brief look here at how FDA is stirring the pot with homeopathy and ayurveda.
FDA’s Historical Stance on Homeopathic Products
For many years, the FDA took a hands-off approach to regulating homeopathic products, largely due to their perceived safety when used as directed. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) of 1938, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, gave the FDA authority over the regulation of drugs, but homeopathic products were not subjected to the same rigorous pre-market approval process as conventional pharmaceuticals.
In 1988, the FDA issued a Compliance Policy Guide (CPG) specifically for homeopathic products, allowing them to be marketed without FDA approval, provided they were manufactured in accordance with the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) and labeled with appropriate usage indications. This policy effectively allowed homeopathic remedies to flourish in the U.S. market with minimal regulatory oversight.
However, as the popularity of homeopathy grew, so did concerns about its safety and efficacy. Reports of adverse effects, particularly in vulnerable populations like children, prompted the FDA to reevaluate its regulatory approach.
FDA’s Shift Toward Increased Regulation
In 2015, the FDA held a public hearing to gather input on its regulation of homeopathic products. The Agency expressed concerns about the potential risks associated with these products, particularly those that were not diluted or were marketed for serious conditions like asthma, cancer, or heart disease.
Following the hearing, the FDA issued a new draft guidance in 2017, signaling a significant shift in its regulatory approach. The draft guidance prioritized enforcement actions against homeopathic products that posed the highest risk to patients, including those intended for vulnerable populations, those that were not diluted (and therefore potentially toxic), and those that claimed to treat serious or life-threatening conditions.
This new risk-based approach marked a departure from the more lenient CPG of 1988. The FDA made it clear that, while it recognized the popularity of homeopathic products, it would no longer tolerate the marketing of products that could pose significant health risks without scientific evidence to back their safety and efficacy claims.
Ayurveda and the FDA: A Complex Relationship
Unlike homeopathy, Ayurvedic products, associated with a traditional Indian medical system, have a broader scope, encompassing a wide range of practices and products, including herbal supplements, dietary formulations, and therapeutic treatments. The regulation of these products falls under various categories within the FDA’s purview, including dietary supplements, cosmetics, drugs, conventional foods or even devices.
Dietary supplements, which many Ayurvedic products are categorized as, are regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. This act requires manufacturers to ensure their products are safe and properly labeled but does not require them to prove efficacy and get an FDA “stamp of approval” unlike the new drug approval process, prior to marketing. However, the FDA can take action against unsafe products or those that make false claims.
The FDA has faced challenges in regulating Ayurvedic products, particularly regarding the presence of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and arsenic, which are sometimes used in traditional formulations, and wherein their presence is oftentimes not disclosed on product labels. In recent years, the Agency has issued warnings and recalls for certain Ayurvedic products found to contain harmful levels of these substances.
Further, the FDA’s regulation of Ayurvedic products is complicated by the fact that many of these products are imported from countries like India, where regulatory standards may differ. The Agency works closely with international regulators and has taken steps to enhance the safety of imported Ayurvedic products, including increased inspections and collaborations with foreign governments.
Balancing Tradition and Safety
The FDA’s approach to regulating homeopathic and Ayurvedic products reflects the complexity of balancing respect for traditional practices with the need to protect public health. While the Agency has adopted a more stringent stance on homeopathic products, it remains committed to a risk-based approach that targets the most dangerous products while allowing others to remain on the market.
For Ayurvedic products, the FDA continues to monitor the market for unsafe products and works to ensure that consumers are not misled by false or unproven claims. This includes the FDA’s ongoing research and collaboration with experts in traditional medicine to better understand the risks and benefits of these products.
As the popularity of alternative medicine continues to grow, we anticipate the FDA’s regulatory framework for these products will also continue to evolve. In the meantime, to ensure U.S. compliance of homeopathic and ayurvedic products and to avoid receiving a spicy Warning Letter (!), we recommend businesses understand the legal framework in which their products exist and can be marketed, ensure compliance with cGMPs, comply with labeling requirements, avoid unsubstantiated claims, and prepare for FDA inspections, among other items.
For more information on FDA’s regulation of homeopathic and ayurvedic products, or for other questions on FDA compliance and enforcement, please contact info@garg-law.com.
